Lesson 3

     Lesson 3:  

Welcome…..before you go over this lesson. It is better to watch this interesting video. Just feel free with us !!!! 

                                                         

Definition & Meaning of an adjective

Adjectives are descriptive words. An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun, that is, shows or points out some distinguishing mark or features of the noun.

Examples

A black bag

An angry man

Around table                                                                                              

List of Descriptive Adjectives

Descriptive adjective can be divided into  different  categories such as: colors, sizes, sound, taste, touch, shapes, qualities, time, personality and ages. The following lists provides a few examples of descriptive adjectives in each of their categories:

Colors are adjectives

Colors – examples: blue, black, white, red, …etc.

Size – examples: big, small, large, thin, thick.

Shapes – examples: triangular, round, square, circular.

Qualities- examples: good, bad, mediocre.

Personality traits- examples: happy, sad, angry, depressed.

Time related-examples: yearly, monthly, annually.

Age related- examples: new, young, brand-new, second hand.

Sound related- examples: loud, noisy, quiet, silent.

Touch related- examples: slippery, sticky, watery.

Taste related- examples: juicy, sweet.

Types of Adjectives                                                                                    

The positive

The  comparative

The superlative

Positive Adjectives

 The positive adjective is the simple form of the adjective with out expressing increase or diminution of  the original quality: nice. Adjectives expressive of properties or circumstances which cannot be increased have only the positive form; a circular road; the chief end; an extreme measure.

Comparative adjective

The comparative adjective is that form of the adjective which expresses increase or diminution of the quality: nicer. Examples are older than or more expensive than or bigger than or faster than or taller than etc.

Adjectives are compared in two ways, either by  adding (er) to the positive to form the comparative and (est) to the positive to form the superlative .However, there are exceptions to this rule (irregular) such as:

Bad  becomes worse /worst

Good becomes better/best

Far becomes further/further

Comparative adjectives are also formed by prefixing( more) to the positive for the comparative and(most) to the positive for the superlative such as :expensive; more expensive; most expensive.

Superlative Adjective

 The superlative adjective is that form which expresses the greatest increase or diminution of the quality: nicest. An adjective is in the superlative form when it expresses a comparison between one and a number of individuals taken separately;

Example: Malaysia’s airport is the largest airport in the world. An adjective is also in the positive form when it does not express comparison; as in “A rich man”. Adjective of two or more syllables are generally compared by  prefixing more and most. Example: Paris is the most romantic city in the world.

Predicate Adjective

 A predicate adjective is an adjective that function as a predicate, such as “John is handsome, handsome is being the predicate adjective.

Irregular adjectives and adverbs

There are some adjectives and adverbs that may students are confused with them when they use them in a sentence. These adjectives and adverbs like: expensive, dear, costly, dearly, etc. 

Expensive / dear /  costly

• These adjectives are all synonyms though they are used in slightly different ways and in different collocations. It is also the case that dear as an adjective has two meanings, it means both expensive and well-liked, as well as featuring in expressions such as Oh dear! or in letters as in Dear Sir. The problem with costly may be that it looks like an adverb as it ends in -ly. This is confusing as most adverbs end in -ly, but costly is an exception and is an adjective. Compare the following uses and collocations in these examples:
• Oh dear! I’ve forgotten to bring my ID and I shan’t be allowed to take the IELTS test.
• It was a costly mistake and it meant I wouldn’t have another chance until the autumn.

• It was an expensive suit, but if you want to work for this firm, you have to dress well.
• These are very nice. ~ They’re a bit too dear / expensive, I’m afraid. Haven’t you got anything cheaper?
• Agatha is a dear friend of mine. She is so kind and gentle in everything she does.

 Dealy:                                                                                                                        

  Dealy can only be used as an adverb and normally collocates with the verbs love / like and in this sense means a lot or very much.

• He’s such a nice man . I love him dearly.
• I would dearly like / love to be in your shoes and to have the whole summer free to travel around Europe.

Common adjectives ending in -ly

     There are not very many, but other common adjectives apart from costly ending in -ly include: friendly, lively, lovely, silly, ugly, unlikely:

• It was a lively party and there were lots of very friendly people there.
• He was really quite ugly and unlikely to succeed in the blind date competition.

Adverbs formed by adding –ly

As you no doubt know, most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective:

• He is a slow and careful driver.
  He drives slowly and carefully.
• I’m going to give a house a thorough clean.
  I’m going to thoroughly clean the house.

    But note that we cannot form adverbs in this way when the adjective ends in -ly. We cannot say: friendlily or uglily or sillily. We have to find some other way of modifying the verb, e.g:

• They greeted us in a very friendly / silly manner.

Adjective and adverb with the same form

 A number of adverbs have the same form as adjectives. The most common include: hard, fast, straight, early:

• I know he has a fast car, but he doesn’t need to drive so fast.
• It’s hard work, but if you work hard and really concentrate, you’ll finish it by bedtime.
• I caught the early bus to be sure of arriving early.
• The Aurelian Way is a very straight Roman road which goes straight from Rome to Pisa.

‘ed’ and ‘ing adjectives

There are several adjectives in English that have 2 forms: an -ed form and an –ing form. The -ing form is for things, and the -ed form is used to describe our feelings.
-ed form: amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, bored, confused, depressed, disappointed, disgusted, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, frightened, insulted, interested, intrigued, satisfied, shocked, surprised, tempted, terrified, tired, worried.
-ing form: amazing, amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, confusing, depressing, disappointing, disgusting, embarrassing, exciting, exhausting, frightening, insulting, interesting, intriguing, satisfying, shocking, surprising, tempting, terrifying, tiring, worrying.

 Adjectives are used to give more information about nouns. They’re used with the verb ‘to be’ or with verbs like look, seem, feel, sound, appear, etc.
-ed adjectives: example sentences
I’m not interested in football.
We were all surprised when they got married.                                                              
He was shocked at the news.
The lecture made me feel really bored.
She felt very disappointed with her exam results.
The children looked very tired when they got back from the trip
. -ing adjectives: example sentences
I don’t think football is a very interesting game.
Their marriage was very surprising.
They thought the news was shocking.
I’m not going to that lecture: it sounds really boring.
Her exam results seemed disappointing, but the university accepted her anyway.
The trip looks very tiring. We’d better go to bed early tonight.

 Welcome to the activity we learn how to be able to comprehend this passage and we learn some of   English business expressions and some adjectives as well.

 

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